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When an intense electromagnetic wave is incident obliquely on a sharply bounded overdense plasma, strong energy absorption can be accounted for by the electrons that are dragged into the vacuum and sent back into the plasma with velocities vv₎ₒ₂. This mechanism is more efficient than usual resonant absorption for v₎ₒ₂/>₋, with L being the density gradient length. In the very high-intensity CO₂-laser--target interaction, this mechanism may account for most of the energy absorption.
F. Brunel (Mon,) studied this question.