Membrane distillation module powered by low-temperature solar thermal systems: Modeling and transient performance analysis

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This study explores the integration of a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) module into a solar thermal water distillation system powered by solar energy. The system includes flat-plate collectors (2–6 m 2 ), a 300-liter hot water tank with an internal coil heat exchanger, an auxiliary heater, and an economizer for energy recovery. The integrated setup was simulated in TRNSYS, coupled with a validated MATLAB model of the DCMD module. An innovative dynamic co-simulation approach was developed, combining TRNSYS for the solar thermal subsystem and MATLAB for detailed DCMD calculations. The MATLAB model is based on fundamental heat and mass transfer equations in both counter-current and co-current configurations. The system’s annual transient performance was analyzed under typical weather conditions in Ain Temouchent, Algeria. Results showed that the DCMD system can produce approximately 100 liters of distilled water per day, with performance highly dependent on solar collector area and feed water temperature (50–70°). Key findings include an annual yield of 36 m 3 with 5 h of daily operation, solar fraction up to 97% for 6 m 2 of collectors, and membrane performance ratios between 1.78–1.93. These results highlight the system’s potential to meet a significant portion of a household’s potable water needs. • A membrane distillation module is integrated in a conventional solar thermal system. • The simulation tool TRNSYS was used to estimate the performance of the system. • The system includes flat-plate collectors, tank, heater, economizer, and DCMD module. • A 75 l/m2 tank/collector area ratio optimized membrane performance and efficiency. • Suitable for coastal areas with high solar radiation and limited infrastructure.