Optimized Congo Red Dye Adsorption Using ZnCuCr-Based MOF for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

= 0.998), confirming a maximum adsorption capacity of 325 mg/g. FTIR and XRD analyses confirm strong interactions between the dye molecules and the MOF framework while preserving its crystalline structure. The ZnCuCr-TpIm MOF demonstrated exceptional stability, retaining 95% of its surface area after 72 h and maintaining over 90% adsorption efficiency after five reuse cycles, with minimal metal ion leaching (<1.2 ppm). The material also exhibited high resilience under varying pH, salinity, and simulated wastewater conditions, underscoring its potential for long-term and sustainable dye removal applications. These findings highlight the synergistic advantages of the trimetallic MOF, making it a promising candidate for efficient and stable wastewater treatment.