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Fatal extraction: The Hofmeister bias for sulfate ions in aqueous environments can be overcome by using a tripodal hexaurea receptor (L) that completely encapsulates the sulfate ion in a complementary cavity protected by hydrophobic aromatic rings (see picture; C gray, N blue, O red, S yellow). Almost quantitative extraction of sulfate ions from an aqueous to an organic phase is achieved when this receptor is used as a liquid–liquid extractant.
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Jia et al. (2010) studied this question.
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