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Heavy oil has been widely used to meet the escalating energy demand all over the world due to the decrease in conventional oil and gas resources. Compared with conventional crude oil, heavy oil contains more refractory resins, asphaltenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds, and heavy metals Many of these components are biorefractory and toxic, therefore, heavy oil can cause more serious and lasting damage to the biological environment Thus, an efficient remediation technology for heavy oil contamination is urgently needed.
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Dai et al. (2020) studied this question.
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