Lutein from chlorella vulgaris: a source for the treatment of age-related macular degradation (AMD):-A review

Lutein, a natural xanthophyll pigment found in green plants and microalgae like Chlorella vulgaris, has the formula C40H56O2 and has high antioxidant effects. Chlorella vulgaris produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which exposed to stress conditions like strong light, deflection in nutrition, salt and high temperature. To neutralize the reactive oxygen species, lutein play a vital role. It is synthesized in chloroplasts via the Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) route, preserves the photosynthetic system and promotes cell stability. In humans, it accumulates in the retinal macula, where it filters damaging blue light and promotesvisual health. To extract lutein effectively, the algal cell wall must be disrupted. Using sophisticated techniques like ultrasound, microwave, enzyme-assisted, or supercritical CO₂ help to separate lutein from Chlorella vulgaris. For the purification of lutein use of liquidliquid partitioning chromatography and counter-current chromatography. The other chromatography like HSCCC, HPCCC, and CPC recommended for industrial scale purpose. A Lutein molecules have significant biological, industrial, and therapeutic applications, notably in increasing visual function and treating age-related macular degeneration.