Improved Immunoregulation of Ultra-Low-Dose Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded TiO₂ Nanotubes via M2 Macrophage Polarization by Regulating GLUT1 and Autophagy

INTRODUCTION: The bone regeneration of endosseous implanted biomaterials is often impaired by the host immune response, especially macrophage-related inflammation which plays an important role in the bone healing process. Thus, it is a promising strategy to design an osteo-immunomodulatory biomaterial to take advantage of the macrophage-related immune response and improve the osseointegration performance of the implant. METHODS: -NTs on the macrophage polarization, osteo-immune microenvironment as well as its potential molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: ions could not only inhibit the inflammation process but also promote the bone healing by inducing healing-associated M2 polarization. DISCUSSION: Using this surface modification strategy to modulate the macrophage-related immune response, rather than prevent the host response, maybe a promising strategy for implant surgeries in the future.