Clinical determinants of ischemic heart disease in Eastern Europe

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Income level (panel a) and current PHE as percentage of GDP (panel b). Panel a shows the country classifications by income level according to the World Bank. The classifications are based on the GNI per capita of calendar year 2019. Panel b shows current or public health expenditure (PHE) as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) according to WHO-Global Health Observatory data repository. Year 2019 for all countries except Albania (2018). Colour gradient maps: the darker the colour the greater the values. Maps modified from © EuroGeographics for the administrative boundaries.

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  Fig. 2. Trends in life expectancy at birth from 2005 to 2016 by geographical region and sex. Data from WHO-European Health 2020 Indicators in which life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn could expect to live and reflects the overall mortality level of a population. Last available year 2016.15South-Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia; Central Eastern Europe: Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia; North-Eastern Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine.

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  Fig. 3. Trends in age-standardised IHD death rates/100,000 population, by geographical region, sex and age group, from 2005 to 2019 (or nearest year). Data from the WHO-European mortality database.16 Mortality levels and trends are estimated from data on deaths by cause/age/sex and mid-year population by age/sex. Colour gradient maps: the darker the colour the greater the values. Maps modified from © EuroGeographics for the administrative boundaries.

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  Fig. 4. Women to men rate ratios for age-standardised IHD death, by country. The source of the data is the WHO-European mortality database.16 Mortality is age-standardised on the basis of the standard European population.

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  Fig. 5. PCI and CABG per 100,000 inhabitants, performed in hospitals, year 2019 (panel a) and age-sex standardised 30-day mortality rate after hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction based on unlinked data, year 2019 or nearest (panel b). Panel a: The source of data is Eurostat Health Care database, in which data are collected according to the classification ICD-9-CM. Procedures density rates are used to describe the frequency of services rendered, expressed in per 100,000 inhabitants of the by respective population. Panel b: the source of data is OECD-Health at a Glance: Europe 2022, in which 30-day case-fatality are measured as the percentage of patients aged 45 and over following hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction. It counts only deaths, that occurred in the hospital where the patient was initially admitted. Rates are age-standardised to the 2010 OECD population aged 45 and over admitted to hospital for acute myocardial infarction.

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  Fig. 6. Age-standardised prevalence estimates of risk factors stratified by sex. The source of data is the WHO-Global Health Observatory.14,55 Error bars indicate 95% credible intervals. Data are presented as percentages, or percentages (95% credible intervals). Mean total cholesterol (mmol/l) and mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) levels are presented as means (95% credible intervals). For summary exposure values (SEV)77 the source of data is the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.17 SEV is a measure of a population's exposure to a risk factor that takes into account the extent of exposure by risk level and the severity of that risk's contribution to disease burden. SEV are reported on a scale from 0% to 100%. Error bars indicate 95% uncertainty intervals (UI).