The Unintended Consequences of Telehealth in Australia: Critical Interpretive Synthesis

BACKGROUND: Despite more than 2 decades of telehealth use in Australia and the rapid uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about its unintended consequences beyond its planned and intended outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to synthesize evidence on the unintended consequences of telehealth use in Australia to clarify its impact beyond its planned and intended outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a search of 4 electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, and Scopus. A critical interpretive synthesis approach was adopted for its flexibility and interpretive nature. We extracted data about study characteristics and the types and models of telehealth services. The extracted unintended consequences were coded and mapped into the domains and dimensions of the Australian Health Performance Framework. RESULTS: Of the 4241 records identified by the search, 94 (2.22%) studies were eligible for data extraction and analysis. Of these 94 studies, 23 (24%) reported largely positive unintended consequences of telehealth associated with health status, while 6 (6%) noted a potential negative impact of telehealth on socioeconomic status. The findings of 4 (4%) of the 94 studies highlighted societal and financial consequences of telehealth beyond the health system. Almost all studies (93/94, 99%) reported unintended consequences under the 5 dimensions of the Australian Health Performance Framework. CONCLUSIONS: Our synthesis offers a framework for understanding the unintended consequences of the use of telehealth as an alternative to in-person care in Australia. While we have documented many unintended benefits of telehealth use, our findings also shed light on many challenges of delivering care via telehealth across different domains and dimensions. These findings hold significant practice and policy-making implications for ensuring safe and high-quality care delivery via telehealth.