Nature-based solutions: a double-edged sword for biological invasions?

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly promoted to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss, but the consequences of scaling up NbS for biological invasions, an acknowledged biological crisis, remain poorly synthesised. We evaluate how NbS can influence the establishment, spread, and impacts of non-native species. We discuss mechanisms underpinning beneficial invasion outcomes, including enhanced biotic resistance through native species restoration, targeted invasive species control, and carefully implemented managed relocation. Conversely, inappropriately designed NbS, particularly those involving non-native species introductions, weakened dispersal barriers through trade, altered disturbance regimes, or inadequate implementation in degraded ecosystems, can worsen invasion outcomes. Integrating invasion science into NbS planning, supported by robust risk assessment and long-term monitoring, is essential to ensure multi-benefit outcomes under global change.