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May 12, 2026JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACYOpen Access

Pharmacy‐Based Immunization Delivery: A Comprehensive History and Current Challenges

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Authors

JGJean‐Venable R. GoodeMRMitchel C. RothholzSFStephan L. Foster

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Overview

Comprehensive review of pharmacy-based immunization delivery in the U.S. and its ongoing challenges.

Key Points

  • This paper aims to outline the historical role and current challenges of pharmacy-based immunization delivery in the U.S.
  • Reviewed historical contributions of pharmacists to immunization from the 1800s to present.
  • Analyzed changes in pharmacy laws and guidelines regarding vaccine administration.
  • Discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacy immunization roles.
  • By 2009, pharmacists could administer vaccines in all 50 states.
  • Pharmacists administered over 50% of COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Ongoing challenges include inconsistent state immunizing authority and payment issues.

Cite This Study

Goode et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a02c364ce8c8c81e9640a8bhttps://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.70219
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Pharmacists’ Contribution to Improving Vaccination Uptake Among Children: A Systematic Review2026
  2. 2Pharmacy Technicians in Immunization Services: Mapping Roles and Responsibilities Through a Scoping Review2025
  3. 3Pharmacists’ Role in Immunizing Older Adults and Congregate Living Residents: A Position Statement on Behalf of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists2026
  4. 4P-1427. Trends in Vaccination at Pharmacies Among Medicaid Recipients: A Claims Analysis2026
  5. 5The impact of two-year community-wide pharmacy interventions on the public’s knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors about pharmacists as immunizers2025