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Working paper demonstrates a zero-parameter method to predict urban scaling exponents in cities, suggesting improved accuracy in modeling urban dynamics.
Working paper on a zero-parameter relay-depth ladder for urban scaling exponents. Tested against the Bettencourt et al. (PNAS 2007) 22-indicator panel: integer relay-depth predictions match 17/22 reported confidence intervals; network-anchored composition lifts coverage to 21/22; a label-free two-component cluster mixture (H=2 and H=3) recovers all 22/22, with MAE = 0.031 and RMSE = 0.045. Patents land on H=2; GDP and wages occupy an H=4-5 corridor; infrastructure follows the negative branch. Paper 4 of the Kato Equation Working Paper Cluster (Papers 0-9 forthcoming).
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Shota Kato (2026) studied this question.
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