Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Analysis of Echocardiography-Based Radiomic Features for Myocardial Hypertrophy Detection and Etiology Differentiation

BACKGROUND: While echocardiography is pivotal for detecting left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), it struggles with etiology differentiation. To enhance LVH assessment, we aimed to develop an artificial intelligence algorithm using echocardiography-based radiomics. This algorithm is designed to detect LVH and differentiate its common etiologies, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiac amyloidosis (CA), and hypertensive heart disease (HHD), based on echocardiographic images. METHODS: The developmental data sets from multiple medical centers included 867 subjects, with an independent external test set from a single tertiary medical center containing 619 subjects. Radiomic feature analysis was conducted on 4 echocardiographic views, extracting both conventional and harmonization-driven myocardial textures along with myocardial geographic features. Then, we developed classification models for each condition. Variable contributions were evaluated using Shapley Additive Explanations analysis. RESULTS: The radiomics-based LightGBM model, selected from internal validation, maintained strong performance in the external test set (area under the curve of 0.96 for HCM, 0.89 for CA, and 0.86 for HHD). Compared with the logistic regression model using conventional echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index, left atrial volume index, and E/e'), the final model demonstrated superior sensitivity (0.89 versus 0.80 for HCM, 0.80 versus 0.80 for CA, and 0.75 versus 0.33 for HHD) and F1-score (0.87 versus 0.57 for HCM, 0.84 versus 0.72 for CA, and 0.82 versus 0.50 for HHD). Feature analysis highlighted that harmonization-driven textures played a key role in differentiating HCM, while conventional textures and myocardial thickness were influential in differentiating CA and HHD. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that artificial intelligence-enhanced echocardiography-based radiomics effectively differentiate the etiology of LVH, highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence-driven texture and geographic analysis in LVH evaluation.