What question did this study set out to answer?

To synthesize clinical and epidemiological data on sex and gender differences in COVID-19 outcomes and explore the biological and behavioral mechanisms driving increased disease severity in men.

May 25, 2020Biology of Sex DifferencesOpen Access

Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe

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To synthesize clinical and epidemiological data on sex and gender differences in COVID-19 outcomes and explore the biological and behavioral mechanisms driving increased disease severity in men.
Synthesized epidemiological and sex-disaggregated clinical cohort data on COVID-19 incidence and outcomes from China and multiple European nations.
Evaluated molecular mechanisms involving sex-hormone-regulated expression of viral entry receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2, immune response variations, and sociocultural determinants.
In China, COVID-19 fatality rates reached 2.8% in men compared to 1.7% in women, with European data similarly showing comparable infection rates between sexes but significantly more severe outcomes in older men.
Case fatality across cohorts was highest among men presenting with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
Disparities correlate with hormone-driven modulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression, differences in innate and adaptive immunity, immunoaging, and gender-specific lifestyle factors.

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Implication

Clinical review reveals higher COVID-19 case fatality and severity in men across European populations, highlighting the need for sex-stratified therapies and biological evaluations.

Cite This Study

Gebhard et al. (2020) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a030f4fa59fd503299e2596 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9

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Implication

Clinical review reveals higher COVID-19 case fatality and severity in men across European populations, highlighting the need for sex-stratified therapies and biological evaluations.

Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe

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Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

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