Hector Galbraith, Jeremy J. Hatch, Ian C. T. Nisbet, Thomas H. Kunz, Age-Related Changes in Efficiency among Breeding Common Terns Sterna hirundo: Measurement of Energy Expenditure Using Doubly-Labelled Water, Journal of Avian Biology, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 85-96
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Galbraith et al. (1999) studied this question.
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