Systematic review of the evidence on the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics-guided treatment for cardiovascular diseases

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flowchart of the literature screening. *Exclusion criteria: 1) non-english study. 2) full text not available. 3) article types: conference paper/abstract, comment, review, short survey, editorial, note, letter, legal case, congress, newspaper articles, book chapter, guideline, erratum, study protocols. 4) not relevant to pharmacogenomics, e.g. genetic diagnostic testing, 5) no economic evaluation, 6) not cardiovascular diseases, 7) intervention not applied to human subjects.

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  Fig. 2. Cost categories included in the study. Costs included in the studies were categorized into these major types: pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing, other types of testing (e.g., international normalized ratio [INR] monitoring, platelet function tests), medications (e.g., warfarin, clopidogrel), event-related costs (e.g., bleeding, stroke), postevent-related costs (long-term management costs), no-events costs (medical care costs for patients without adverse events), all-cause costs (any costs occurred after the treatment was initiated), and indirect costs (e.g., transportation, food). Several studies did not report the cost categories used in the calculation.

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  Fig. 3. Comparison of cost-effectiveness with selected study characteristics. a Perspectives held in the studies, including payer (both public and private), provider, societal, and health-care system. Studies that did not report the perspectives used were categorized as no statement. b Funding support types. Combination types included private + public, public + nonprofit organization (NPO), and private + NPO. c Country/regions of the study population. Other countries/regions included Serbia, China, Croatia, Europe, Korea, New Zealand, Slovenia, Thailand, UK, UK and Sweden, United States and Canada. PGx pharmacogenomics.