The relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and student achievement: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Emotional and spiritual intelligence are crucial factors in enhancing individuals' knowledge and academic achievement. This study aims to examine the correlation between spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and student achievement through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: index were employed to assess heterogeneity. Correlation coefficients were transformed into standard data (Z) using log transformation. RESULTS: The overall mean score of educational achievement in university and school students was 15.91 (95% CI: 15.26-16.78). The mean scores of spiritual and emotional intelligence were 138.27 (95% CI: 129.19-147.35) and 128.94 (95% CI: 117.08-140.80), respectively. The correlation coefficients between spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and student achievement were r = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.18-0.51) and r = 0.50 (95% CI: 0.28-0.67), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional and spiritual intelligence are independent predictive factors in educational achievement for university and school students. Therefore, improvements in emotional and spiritual intelligence can promote students' academic achievement.