Treatment and Implications of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor‐Induced Blood Pressure Rise: A Clinical Cohort Study

Figure 1. Flowchart of included patients. VEGFI indicates vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor. This flowchart was created with Biorender.com.

Figure 2. Changes of BP during VEGFI therapy. BP values are compared with baseline at A, first measurement after start of VEGFI, and B, highest measurement after start of VEGFI. BP indicates blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and VEGFI, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor. Bars indicate mean and error bars indicate SEM.

Figure 3. Effects of calcium channel blocker (n=39) and angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (n=25) for the treatment of hypertension during vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor therapy. A, Systolic blood pressure and B, diastolic blood pressure before and ≥7 days after start of antihypertensive treatment. ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; and SBP, systolic blood pressure. Plus signs indicate mean values, whiskers indicate ranges.

Figure 4. Kaplan–Meier curves of overall survival of patients with and without a blood pressure rise (≥20 mm Hg systolic blood pressure or ≥10 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure) at first measurement after vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor therapy initiation. A, patient with renal cell carcinoma; B, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma; and C, patients with renal cell carcinoma with and without a blood pressure rise +/− new antihypertensive therapy during vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor therapy. AHT indicates antihypertensive; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; and RCC, renal cell carcinoma. *Adjusted for age, body mass index, and history of cardiovascular disease.