This paper comprehensively considers the interest demands of three core stakeholders in V2G scenarios: electric vehicle (EV) users, the power grid, and electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). EV users prioritize charging waiting time and queuing probability to improve travel experience; the power grid focuses on charging facility utilization and power supply reliability to maximize operational benefits; and the EVA concerns its own load level and charging/discharging pricing strategies to optimize operating income. A tripartite multi-objective optimization model for grid–EV–EVA-coordinated charging and discharging is constructed, and an improved multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm is proposed to solve the model. The algorithm integrates an iterative search process (initialization, Lévy flight search, nest abandonment and update) and a cooperative game process (iteration, convergence conditions, equilibrium implementation). Guided by the dominant strength law, the algorithm’s Pareto-optimal solution set is ranked. Finally, a V2G collaborative optimization strategy that balances the interests of all stakeholders is obtained, which can effectively reduce EV users’ charging waiting time, improve the utilization rate of grid charging facilities, and guarantee the static voltage stability of the distribution network.
Li et al. (Sat,) studied this question.