The transition toward a circular economy and zero-waste strategies has driven increasing interest in biomass-derived carbon materials as sustainable alternatives to conventional catalyst supports. Agricultural and industrial residues can be converted into porous carbons with high surface area, tunable porosity, and rich surface chemistry, enabling waste valorization and stabilization of metal species ranging from nanoparticles to single atoms. These properties support their application across heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrochemical systems, revealing cross-cutting opportunities among these fields. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, including feedstock heterogeneity, energy-intensive processing, scalability limitations, and the lack of standardized methodologies. This review highlights recent advances in the development of sustainable carbon catalysts, focusing on shared limitations and the relationships between structure, properties, and applications. In addition, it discusses key factors influencing material performance and long-term viability. Emphasis is placed on future perspectives that align with circular economy principles and low-waste strategies, aiming to guide the design of more efficient, scalable, and environmentally responsible catalytic systems.
Assis et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: