Hierarchical Target Tracking for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarms with Distributed Optimization and Affine Control

Target tracking of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms remains a significant challenge due to highly maneuverable target swarms and complex environments. To address these challenges, a hierarchical target tracking architecture is proposed, comprising a leader layer and a follower layer. This design reduces task complexity while improving formation adaptability and system scalability. In the leader layer, a distributed time-varying optimization model and a distributed protocol are developed to enable the UAV swarm to track highly maneuverable target swarms in real time. In the follower layer, a control protocol based on an affine transformation is employed to enable adaptive formation control under complex environmental constraints (e.g., threat avoidance). Moreover, the convergence performance of the proposed method is rigorously demonstrated through theoretical analysis. Finally, simulation results validate the convergence, feasibility, and scalability of the proposed method. Comparative simulations further demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.