State of the art of pesticide residues in aquatic systems: analytical techniques and membrane technologies retention approaches

Pesticide pollution in aquatic environments poses important risks to human health and ecosystems. This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding pesticide residues in surface water, groundwater, seawater, and wastewater in the Mediterranean region. It examines current analytical methods for pesticide identification, emphasizing spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, and Raman spectroscopy. The review also explores membrane-based technologies for pesticide removal, such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and functionalized membranes. Comparisons of sample preparation techniques, detection limits, and regulatory standards are provided, highlighting the need for enhanced detection and removal strategies. Findings indicate that while gas chromatography remains the most effective detection technique, advances in membrane filtration offer promising solutions for water treatment. The study highlights the necessity of stricter regulations and improved water treatment methods to reduce pesticide contamination and protect aquatic ecosystems and public health.