Experimental investigation reveals multi-scale energy dissipation mechanisms in reinforced natural rubber, suggesting pathways to simultaneously enhance toughness and stiffness.
, while maintaining modulus. High toughness arises from energy dissipation across multiple length scales: along long rubber strands, across carbon particles, and in a zone of strain-induced crystallization and interfacial dissipation. Modulus is maintained through entanglements of rubber strands and percolation of carbon particles.
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Li et al. (2025) studied this question.
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