Protein Oxidation in Aging, Disease, and Oxidative Stress

The demonstration that oxidatively modified forms of proteins accumulate during aging, oxidative stress, and in some pathological conditions has focused attention on physiological and non-physiological mechanisms for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 1The abbreviations used are: ROS, reactive oxygen species; MeSOX, methionine sulfoxide reductase; PN, peroxynitrite; GS, glutamine synthetase. 1The abbreviations used are: ROS, reactive oxygen species; MeSOX, methionine sulfoxide reductase; PN, peroxynitrite; GS, glutamine synthetase. and on the modification of biological molecules by various kinds of ROS. Basic principles that govern the oxidation of proteins by ROS were established in the pioneering studies of Swallow (1Swallow A.J. Swallow A.J. Radiation Chemistry of Organic Compounds. Pergamon Press, New York1960: 211-224Google Scholar), Garrison (2Garrison W.M. Chem. Rev. 1987; 87: 381-398Crossref Scopus (632) Google Scholar, 3Garrison W.M. Jayko M.E. Bennett W. Radiat. Res. 1962; 16: 487-502Crossref Scopus (83) Google Scholar), and Scheussler and Schilling (4Schuessler H. Schilling K. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1984; 45: 267-281Crossref Scopus (199) Google Scholar) who characterized reaction products formed when proteins were exposed conditions of of studies that the modification of proteins by the of the oxidation by the of and ROS oxidation of of and oxidation of the in the has that forms of ROS products and that for and in some of the and in and of of for and in and of of for of the in oxidative of the by of the of The for reaction by of by of and The formed the by of of the in that by by by The and in in the of in in the of when in the generation of the for of the by the by the the the of the the the the of the the by the the the of the the the of the the of the the by the and of the by the by the and of ROS of and by Garrison (2Garrison W.M. Chem. Rev. 1987; 87: 381-398Crossref Scopus (632) Google Scholar), of the of by and in by in formed and the of the the of the on the that the of formed during of proteins the of and Schilling (4Schuessler H. Schilling K. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1984; 45: 267-281Crossref Scopus (199) Google Scholar) that oxidation of by studies of K. Res. Scopus Google Scholar) that oxidation of the of and of the of in for by the oxidation of of proteins oxidation by the products formed in the oxidation of some some of the products formed during the oxidation of the that methionine and and and in of and methionine oxidation by forms of ROS. conditions and methionine methionine sulfoxide biological and that the forms of and methionine the oxidative of proteins that on the that oxidation of exposed methionine in some proteins has on biological that the of methionine ROS proteins oxidative Scopus Google by of studies that of the and when in the of the and of the of in the J. and the for ROS in and and various and of and the that of and that the biological of and of proteins oxidation by PN, and and for The of of the of and forms Scopus Google Scholar) and forms of Press, of the mechanisms of of and of Scopus Google by the demonstration that of in the of by Scopus Google Scholar, A.J. H. 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Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar, J. and Google Scholar) and The of in proteins has used of and for the and of Scopus Google by the of has established that oxidation aging, oxidative stress, and of of by and by products of of of reaction of the of in and various conditions of oxidative of of oxidation in the of and Chem. Res. and the of forms of Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google The that in oxidative modification by the of ROS in and that during Scopus Google Scholar, J. Biol. Chem. 1987; Google Scholar, J. Scopus Google Scholar, M.E. and Press, of oxidative in that J. 1987; Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google during oxidative stress, Res. Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google in the of in Scopus Google Scholar), Scopus Google Scholar), in and New Scopus Google Scholar), Scopus Google Scholar), of Scopus Google Scholar), and J. Biol. Chem. 1987; Google The of in of the of the J. Biol. Chem. 1987; Google that in and that in and H. Scopus Google of H. 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Scopus Google Scholar) and of by the reaction the generation of forms of ROS in of the and methionine sulfoxide the of the of oxidation the of in the of that proteins and and that forms of some proteins proteins Scopus Google Scholar, J. Biol. Chem. Scopus Google Scholar, A.J. W. Res. Scopus Google and proteins modified by J. Scopus Google Scholar) products Scopus Google Scholar) in the of the forms of proteins Scopus Google Scholar, A.J. Scopus Google and some of the in by attention the of ROS in the of oxidative physiological and that during of the of that of the that govern the of oxidation and in the in of and of biological The of in of the of the and of the of the of some in the when the Scopus Google that the of oxidative by the of the the by that biological that in biological of in J. J. J. Google Scholar), by the of in the of of the that govern the oxidation and that that the of in the of oxidatively modified has in of the in that of the The demonstration that oxidatively modified forms of proteins accumulate during aging, oxidative stress, and in some pathological conditions has focused attention on physiological and non-physiological mechanisms for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 1The abbreviations used are: ROS, reactive oxygen species; MeSOX, methionine sulfoxide reductase; PN, peroxynitrite; GS, glutamine synthetase. 1The abbreviations used are: ROS, reactive oxygen species; MeSOX, methionine sulfoxide reductase; PN, peroxynitrite; GS, glutamine synthetase. and on the modification of biological molecules by various kinds of ROS. Basic principles that govern the oxidation of proteins by ROS were established in the pioneering studies of Swallow (1Swallow A.J. Swallow A.J. Radiation Chemistry of Organic Compounds. Pergamon Press, New York1960: 211-224Google Scholar), Garrison (2Garrison W.M. Chem. Rev. 1987; 87: 381-398Crossref Scopus (632) Google Scholar, 3Garrison W.M. Jayko M.E. Bennett W. Radiat. Res. 1962; 16: 487-502Crossref Scopus (83) Google Scholar), and Scheussler and Schilling (4Schuessler H. Schilling K. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1984; 45: 267-281Crossref Scopus (199) Google Scholar) who characterized reaction products formed when proteins were exposed conditions of of studies that the modification of proteins by the of the oxidation by the of and ROS oxidation of of and oxidation of the in the has that forms of ROS products and that for and in some of the and in and of of for and in and of of for of the in oxidative of the by of the of The for reaction by of by of and The formed the by of of the in that by by by The and in in the of in in the of when in the in oxidative of the by of the of The for reaction by of by of and The formed the by of of the in that by by by The and in in the of in in the of when in the generation of the for of the by the by the the the of the the the the of the the by the the the of the the the of the the of the the by the and of the by the of ROS of and by Garrison (2Garrison W.M. Chem. Rev. 1987; 87: 381-398Crossref Scopus (632) Google Scholar), of the of by and in by in formed and the of the the of the on the that the of formed during of proteins the of and Schilling (4Schuessler H. Schilling K. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1984; 45: 267-281Crossref Scopus (199) Google Scholar) that oxidation of by studies of K. Res. Scopus Google Scholar) that oxidation of the of and of the of in for by the oxidation The generation of the for of the by the by the the the of the the the the of the the by the the the of the the the of the the of the the by the and of the by the of ROS of and by Garrison (2Garrison W.M. Chem. Rev. 1987; 87: 381-398Crossref Scopus (632) Google Scholar), of the of by and in by in formed and the of the the of the on the that the of formed during of proteins the of and Schilling (4Schuessler H. Schilling K. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1984; 45: 267-281Crossref Scopus (199) Google Scholar) that oxidation of by studies of K. Res. Scopus Google Scholar) that oxidation of the of and of the of in for by the oxidation of of proteins oxidation by the products formed in the oxidation of some some of the products formed during the oxidation of the that methionine and and and in of and methionine oxidation by forms of ROS. conditions and methionine methionine sulfoxide biological and that the forms of and methionine the oxidative of proteins that on the that oxidation of exposed methionine in some proteins has on biological that the of methionine ROS proteins oxidative Scopus Google by of studies that of the and when in the of the and of the of in the J. and the for ROS in and and various and of and the that of and that the biological of and of proteins oxidation by PN, and and for The of of the of and forms Scopus Google Scholar) and forms of Press, of the mechanisms of of and of Scopus Google by the demonstration that of in the of by Scopus Google Scholar, A.J. H. Scopus Google Scholar) and by the demonstration that of glutamine the by in of in of the Scopus Google The and of the of for the of by products of glutamine of Press, the of and the of and methionine of proteins the of the of in of that methionine Scopus Google Scholar), in the of that J. Chem. Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google the of and the oxidation of methionine of proteins that by the of in in the of GS, of in the of and oxidation of methionine in the of physiological of the oxidation of methionine in the of and the of in the of by of in of the J. of proteins oxidation by the products formed in the oxidation of some some of the products formed during the oxidation of the that of and methionine oxidation by forms of ROS. conditions and methionine methionine sulfoxide biological and that the forms of and methionine the oxidative of proteins that on the that oxidation of exposed methionine in some proteins has on biological that the of methionine ROS proteins oxidative Scopus Google by of studies that of the and when in the of the and of the of in the J. and the for ROS in and and various and of and the that of and that the biological of and of proteins oxidation by PN, and and for The of of the of and forms Scopus Google Scholar) and forms of Press, of the mechanisms of of and of Scopus Google by the demonstration that of in the of by Scopus Google Scholar, A.J. 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Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google Scholar, Scopus Google the of and the oxidation of methionine of proteins that by the of in in the of GS, of in the of and oxidation of methionine in the of physiological of the oxidation of methionine in the of and the of in the of by of in of the J. of and methionine oxidation by forms of ROS. conditions and methionine methionine sulfoxide biological and that the forms of and methionine the oxidative of proteins that on the that oxidation of exposed methionine in some proteins has on biological that the of methionine ROS proteins oxidative Scopus Google by of studies that of the and when in the of the and of the of in the J. and the for ROS in and and various and of and the that of and that the biological of and of proteins oxidation by PN, and and for The of of the of and forms Scopus Google Scholar) and forms of Press, of the mechanisms of of and of Scopus Google by the demonstration that of in the of by Scopus Google Scholar, A.J. 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