Hypohydration affects forearm vascular conductance independent of heart rate during exercise

Elevated body core temperature stimulates cutaneous vasodilation, which can be modified by nonthermal factors. To test whether hypohydration affects forearm vascular conductance discretely from relative alterations in heart rate (HR), eight trained cyclists exercised progressively for 20 min each at 60, 120, and 180 W approximately 22, 37, and 55% of maximal cycling O2 consumption (VO2peak), respectively in a warm humid environment (dry bulb temperature 30 degrees C; wet bulb temperature 24 degrees C). Esophageal temperature and forearm blood flow were measured every 30 s, and mean arterial pressure and HR were measured at rest and during each exercise intensity (minutes 15, 35, and 55). In the hypovolemic (HP) compared with the euvolemic (EU) state, blood volume was contracted by 24-h fluid restriction an average of 510 ml, and this difference was sustained throughout exercise. The esophageal temperature and HR responses were similar between EU and HP states at 60 and 120 W but were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in HP by the end of 180 W. In contrast, the forearm blood flow response was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed during exercise at 120 and 180 W in HP, whereas mean arterial pressure remained similar between conditions. When body core temperature is elevated in a hypohydrated state, forearm vascular conductance is reduced at exercise intensities of approximately 37% VO2peak, which is independent of relative changes in HR. These findings are consistent with the notion that during exercise an attenuated cutaneous vasodilation is elicited by alterations in regionalized sympathetic outflow, which is unaccompanied by activation of cardiac pacemaker cells.