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Maturation of robotics research and advances in the miniaturization of machines have contributed to the development of microbots and enabled new technological possibilities and applications. Microbots have a wide range of applications, including the navigation of confined spaces, environmental monitoring, micro‐assembly and manipulation of small objects, and in vivo micro‐surgeries and drug delivery. Actuators are among the most critical components that define the performance of robots. A comprehensive review of the actuation mechanisms that have been employed in mobile microbots is provided, including piezoelectric, magnetic, electrostatic, thermal, acoustic, biological, chemical, and optical actuation, with a focus on the most recent development and methodologies.
Hussein et al. (Sat,) studied this question.