Subclinical atrial fibrillation and stroke: insights from continuous monitoring by implanted cardiac electronic devices

Nearly one out of five strokes is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Atrial fibrillation is often intermittent and asymptomatic. Detection of AF after cryptogenic stroke will likely change therapy from antiplatelet to oral anticoagulation agents for secondary stroke prevention. A critical step is to convert 'covert' AF into electrocardiogram documented AF. External rhythm recording devices have registered a high incidence of AF to occur after a cryptogenic stroke, but are limited by short duration of continuous recordings. Invasive cardiac monitoring using insertable leadless cardiac monitors are sensitive means to identify subclinical AF (SCAF) after cryptogenic stroke, and AF has been reported to occur in 8.9% of these patients by 6 months in one study. It will be more attractive to identify SCAF before a stroke occurs. Recent series in pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) recipients showed that short episodes of SCAF increased stroke risk, with odds ratio ∼2.2-3.1 compared with those without SCAF recorded. However, temporal sequence of recorded SCAF and stroke occurrence was uncertain, and the overall stroke risk was lower compared with patients with clinical AF at similar risk scores. This article reviews the incidence and clinical role of using implanted devices to detect SCAF and discusses the implication of SCAF so detected in primary and secondary stroke prevention.