Catheter ablation for atrial tachycardia in pediatric patients: a single-center experience

Figures

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  Figure 1. Distribution of atrial foci. CS, coronary sinus ostium; CT, crista terminalis; FO, foramen ovale; IAS, interatrial septum; IVC, inferior caval vein; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; MV, mitral valve; PV, pulmonary veins; RA-SVC, junction of right atrium and superior caval vein; RAA, right atrial appendage; RAW, right atrial wall; SVC, superior caval vein; TV, tricuspid valve.

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  Figure 2. ECG results of the ARCM patient. ECG results: (a) moments before the procedure (AFL), (b) immediately after RFCA (1 day postoperatively, sinus tachycardia) (c) 1 year after RFCA (recurrence of AFL), (d) at the recent follow-up of the study (persistent ventricular tachycardia).

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  Figure 3. MRI results of the ARCM patient. MRI examination was performed 1 year after RFCA, at the time the recurrence of atrial flutter was detected in this child. At the same time, there was also an abnormal enlargement of the right ventricle and the presence of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. The result showed that the right atrium and right ventricle were significantly enlarged, the right ventricular wall was thinned, no exact abnormal fat signal was seen, and the right ventricular trabeculae were increased and thickened.

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  Figure 4. Cardiac ultrasound findings in TIC patients. Indicators of left heart function: (A) Ejection fraction (EF); (B) Fraction shorting (FS); (C) Left ventricular diastole diameter (LVDd). (a–e) represent the results of cardiac ultrasound at the time of diagnosis of TIC (8, 100%), moments before procedure (8, 100%), immediate moments after RFCA (1–2 days postoperatively) (8, 100%), short-term moments after RFCA (1–3 months post-procedure) (6, 75.0%), and final follow-up of the study (>3 months post-procedure) (6, 75.0%) respectively. ****: p < 0.001; **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05; ns, no significance.