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The study aimed to assess how male and female macrophages respond to inflammatory stimulation in terms of metabolic changes.

May 14, 2026Physiology

Influence of Biological Sex in Macrophage Immunometabolic Reprogramming

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Randomized trial investigates metabolic responses to inflammation in macrophages, suggesting minimal sex differences.

The study aimed to assess how male and female macrophages respond to inflammatory stimulation in terms of metabolic changes.
Bone marrow was harvested from C57BL/6J mice and BMDMs were cultured and stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ.
Metabolic function was analyzed using SeahorseTM extracellular flux analysis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for metabolite measurement.
RNA sequencing was conducted to evaluate transcriptomic changes in response to stimulation.
Both male and female BMDMs showed significant increases in glycolysis after stimulation; female BMDMs exhibited a 23.63-fold increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate compared to 8.28-fold in males (p=0.002).
Metabolomics indicated elevated glycolytic intermediates and a notable reduction in ethanolamine in both sexes, with females having a lower dAMP level (0.84-fold) compared to males (1.54-fold; p=0.001).
Pathway analysis from RNA sequencing revealed balanced regulation of transcripts with dominance in inflammatory pathways, showing limited sex-dependent variation.

Wright et al. (2026) studied this question.

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