Transformation of acoustic errors into skilled behavior

Making mistakes is an important part of learning and performing skilled behaviors like speech or music. Equally important is knowing how to react to mistakes in order to improve with practice. However, the neural circuits that process mistake-related feedback and drive behavioral corrections in mammals remain poorly understood. Here, we identify how the mouse brain encodes error-related signals during skilled acoustic behavior, and how these signals drive adaptive motor cortical changes to improve performance. We developed a skilled, sound-guided behavior that requires mice to use real-time acoustic feedback to guide their ongoing forelimb movements and is auditory cortex dependent. Auditory cortex neurons encode error signals associated with distinct types of behavioral mistakes and the activity of error-sensitive neurons predicts both across-trial and within-trial changes in behavior. Skilled acoustic behavior also requires the secondary motor cortex (M2), a motor planning and execution region that receives acoustic input from auditory cortex. Following behavioral mistakes, acoustic feedback modulates M2 dynamics within a low-dimensional space that governs motor planning. Collectively, these data reveal a learned coordinate transformation that converts specific acoustic errors into adaptive adjustments in motor planning and behavior.