Temporal genetic changes in human bocavirus 1 in Fukushima, Japan, from 2018 to 2024

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Phylogenetic trees of HBoV1 sequences. (a) Phylogenetic tree constructed in mega (version 12.0.11) using 97 HBoV1 sequences and 3 outgroup sequences (HBoV2–4), generated with the maximum likelihood method, 1,000 bootstrap replicates and a 70% site coverage cutoff (partial deletion). (b) Phylogenetic tree of HBoV1 sequences excluding outgroups. Sequences highlighted in light blue represent Group 1 Fukushima isolates, and those in light green represent Group 2 Fukushima isolates. All non-Fukushima sequences are shown in standard black font. (c) Time-scaled phylogenetic tree of nearly complete HBoV1 sequences with known collection years. The tree was constructed in mega (version 12.0.11) using the RTDT method, with Group 3 sequences as the outgroup, and generated with the maximum likelihood method, 1,000 bootstrap replicates and a 70% site coverage cutoff (partial deletion). Fukushima Group 1 isolates are highlighted in light blue, and Fukushima Group 2 isolates in light green.

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  Fig. 2.. Phylogenetic trees of VP1–3 and ORFx sequences of HBoV1. Phylogenetic trees were constructed in mega (version 12.0.11) using 97 HBoV1 VP1 (a, nucleotide; b, amino acid), VP2 (c, nucleotide; d, amino acid), VP3 (e, nucleotide; f, amino acid) and ORFx (g, nucleotide; h, amino acid) sequences, with the maximum likelihood method, 1,000 bootstrap replicates and a 70% site coverage cutoff (partial deletion). Fukushima Group 1 isolates are highlighted in light blue, and Fukushima Group 2 isolates in light green. All other sequences are displayed in standard black font. Group labels are shown only in panels where the phylogenetic structure clearly supports distinct clustering of Groups 1 and 2. In panels b, d, f and g, the groups do not form monophyletic clades; therefore, group labels were intentionally omitted to avoid implying unsupported boundaries. †, sub-cluster in Group 1 sequences.