The Paradox of Restorative Juvenile Justice in Zimbabwe: A Social Work Perspective on the Challenges for Effective Implementation of Pre-Trial Diversion Programmes

Abstract Restorative justice is integral to juvenile justice reform. However, social workers in Zimbabwe face systemic barriers in implementing the Pre-Trial Diversion (PTD) programme, which aims to rehabilitate juvenile offenders and protect their rights. This study aims to examine the barriers that hinder social workers’ effective participation in the implementation of Zimbabwe’s Pre-Trial Diversion (PTD) programme. Grounded in the restorative justice model and anti-oppressive social work principles, the research employed a qualitative design, using semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively sampled participants, including social workers and key informants in Chitungwiza District. Data analysis through NVivo 12 revealed five themes: fragmented legal frameworks, professional marginalization, resource constraints, limited diversion options, and insufficient stakeholder participation. Findings highlight that the absence of a Child Justice Bill of 2021 undermines restorative justice, while resource shortages and reliance on donor funding perpetuate systemic inefficiencies. Furthermore, social workers face marginalization within multi-sectoral teams, limiting their influence in diversion processes. Limited referral pathways and inadequate caregiver involvement further hinder the programme’s effectiveness. The study concludes that social workers must advocate for legislative reform, sustainable resource allocation, and expanded diversion options to address juveniles’ complex needs. Promoting collaboration among stakeholders and empowering caregivers to participate in restorative justice processes are essential. These findings underscore the need for systemic reforms, capacity building, and participatory approaches to strengthen social workers’ roles in advancing child-centred justice. By addressing these barriers, the PTD programme can fulfill its rehabilitative mandate, aligning with restorative justice principles and safeguarding children’s rights in Zimbabwe.