Exploring Stem Cell Therapy as a Novel Approach for Alzheimer's Disease Management

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder identified as cognitive decline, neuronal degeneration and memory loss. The important pathological features include like β-amyloid plaque deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and blood–brain barrier impairment. Recent therapeutic stratergies, such as NMDA receptor antagonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, gives only symptomatic remedy and do not effectively stop disease progression, highlighting the requirement for novel treatment approached. Stem cell therapy has raised as a promising route because of its regenerative and neuroprotective capacity. This review discusses on important stem cell types, including neural stem cells (NSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), including their mechanisms in disease management. These cells contribute to neuroregeneration by ehnancing neurogenesis, reducing amyloid-β and tau pathology, secreting neurotrophic factorsand modulating neuroinflammation, that promote synaptic plasticity and cognitive role. Preclinical research have shown prominent developments in neuronal survival and learning, memory, followed by stem cell transplantation. Among several types, NSCs and MSCs are promising due to their lower immunogenicity and therapeutic versatility. However, many challenges interfere clinical translation, like immune rejection, ethical concerns, risks of tumorigenicity, limited survival and integration of transplanted cells. Stem cell-based therapies are novel and multifaceted approaches for AD treatment. Even though promising, further research is much needed to standaridise safety, efficacy, and clinical acceptability.