A compact pulsatile simulator based on cam-follower mechanism for generating radial pulse waveforms

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Data collection procedure of human pulse waveforms by the robotic tonometry system: a the operator takes the pulsation position with his/her fingers and marks the pulsatile position using the cross shape laser pointer, b the RTS detects the appropriate direction and force of the pulse sensor contacting on the wrist skin surface

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  Fig. 2. Procedure for detecting the PP and recording the pulse waveform in a reliable state and the raw data acquired from six channels of the pulse sensor array

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  Fig. 3. The evolution result of error function of radial AI, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ E_{RI} \left( u \right) $$\end{document}ERIu during iteration method

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  Fig. 4. Normalized pulse pressure wave obtained by the Fourier series equations at the time of the normalized period

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  Fig. 5. Three-peak cam obtained from the Fourier series equations: a three-peak circular cam design, b fabricated three-peak cam

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  Fig. 6. Developed three-peak cam-based affordable pulsation simulator

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  Fig. 7. Evaluation of the developed simulator by the robotic tonometry system: a measurement setup, b measurement procedure

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  Fig. 8. Representation of the definitions of the two vertical contact angles for defining the contact direction with the radial artery

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  Fig. 9. The raw signals of the artificial radial artery pulse wave: a detecting the maximum pulse pressure by increasingly pressurizing the radial artery, b recovering the pressurizing force values at the maximum pulse pressure, c recording the raw data of pulse wave at the maximum pulse pressure

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  Fig. 10. Comparison of pulse waveforms measured on a human’s wrist using RTS, on a simulator’s wrist using RTS and inside simulator’s vessel (tube) using a pressure sensor with varying heart rate and pulse pressure: a case with heart rate of 65 bpm and pulse pressure of 50 mmHg, b case with heart rate of 65 bpm and pulse pressure of 60 mmHg, c case with heart rate of 75 bpm and pulse pressure of 50 mmHg, d case with heart rate of 75 bpm and pulse pressure of 60 mmHg

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  Fig. 11. Error comparison of radial augmentation index: a error between measured data inside simulator’s vessel by a pressure sensor and human’s data, b error between measured data on simulator’s skin by RTS and human’s data

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  Fig. 12. The result obtained by discrete Fourier transformation of the measured pressure waveforms in the human and the simulator