Key result
Cardiometabolic diseases linked to ~89% greater odds of mild depression in a low-income urban community.
Why the study?
With the rising epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries, urban populations face unique challenges, prompting this study to estimate cardiometabolic disease prevalence, risk factors, sex differences, and relationships with depression in Karachi adults.
Cross-Sectional (n=3,051)
No
Effect estimate: OR 1.89 (95% CI 1.28-2.78)
p-value: p=<0.001
In a low-income urban community in Pakistan, cardiometabolic diseases are highly prevalent (especially hypertension at 34%) and are strongly associated with increased odds of depression and higher healthcare expenditure.
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CMDs associated with higher depression odds in urban Pakistan; hypothesis-generating for LMIC screening, causality and generalizability unproven.
Khan et al. (2025) conducted a cross-sectional in Cardiometabolic diseases and depression (n=3,051). In a low-income urban community in Pakistan, cardiometabolic diseases were highly prevalent (34% hypertension) and significantly increased the odds of mild (OR 1.89) and moderate (OR 2.21) depression.
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