Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients

Figure 1. Study flowchart. Abbreviations: FBG, fasting blood glucose; H, high; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; L, low; PROMISE, the PRospective Observational Multi-center cohort for ISchemic and hEmorrhage risk in coronary artery disease patients; TyG, triglyceride–glucose index.

Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier analysis of patients grouped by TyG and hsCRP levels. Survival curves for MACE (A), all-cause death (B), cardiac death (C), myocardial infarction (D), and any revascularization (E). Abbreviations: H, high; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; L, low; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; TyG, triglyceride–glucose index.

Figure 3. Subgroup analysis for the association of TyG and hsCRP with MACE. Red indicates statistical significance, while black indicates statistical non-significance. Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, BMI (continuous), smoking history, peripheral artery disease, chronic kidney disease, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, prior revascularization, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤ 1.8 mmol/L, left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, left main stem/three-vessel disease, synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with Taxus and cardiac surgery score (categorical), percutaneous coronary intervention status, aspirin adherence, statin adherence. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; H, high; HR, hazard ratio; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; L, low; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TyG, triglyceride–glucose index.

Figure 4. Mediation effect of hsCRP on the association between TyG and cardiovascular events. (A) Directed acyclic graph; (B) mediation analysis for MACE; (C) mediation analysis for all-cause death; (D) mediation analysis for cardiac death. Abbreviations: ACME, average causal mediation effect; ADE, average direct effect; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; TyG, triglyceride–glucose index.