Progress in heterogeneous catalysis for renewable energy and petrochemical production from biomass

Historically, catalytic advances often occurred during events such as wars or embargoes. However, research efforts are focused on better understanding catalytic processes, minimising feedstock and process costs, developing new catalytic materials, and addressing environmental concerns. This study provides an overview of the global energy system, which forms the basis for the need for alternative energy sources as a panacea for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and providing clean and affordable energy sources through heterogeneous catalysis. It also discusses the development of numerous heterogeneous catalytic materials and processes, focusing on the catalytic conversion of biomass and its derivatives, particularly into fuel blendstocks and petrochemicals. In this context, the analysis of the techno-economic and environmental impact of the different biomass conversion technologies was emphasised. Despite the numerous catalysts and technologies developed and documented over the last century, catalytic processes still have some drawbacks. This study further examined the challenges and offered technological opportunities for developing catalytic materials and processes. It also provided a framework for advancing clean and affordable energy in the renewable energy sector using catalytic materials.