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The relationship between the foliar phenology of 43 north temperate tree species and the winter impairment of hydraulic conductivity was investigated. Eight were non-porous conifers' of which all but one were evergreen. Thirty-five were broad-leaf, deciduous hardwoods: 21 with diffuse-porous wood anatomy, 11 ring-porous and three semi-ring-porous. The hydraulic conductivity expressed per total mm 2 of the sampled stem or branch cross-section (area specific conductivity) was significantly lower for conifers compared to hardwoods. The conifers had virtually no embolisms in late winter (average of 1% conductivity loss, range 0-8%); in diffuse-porous hardwoods, specific conductivity losses by late winter averaged 17% (range 0-47%) compared to 26% (range 0-60%) for semi-ring-porous hardwoods and 55% (range 0-86%) for ring-porous (...)
Wang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.