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Shipping is looking to progressively develop into a zero-emissions industry, in agreement with pledges made under the Initial IMO Strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, and its vision to phasing out greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible during this century. International regulations currently focus on the design and operational phases of the industry, which carries the largest life-cycle climate impact of a ship. As the level of emissions from the operational phase is reduced, the inclusion of emissions from shipyards during construction, maintenance, and disposal becomes increasingly important. The main objective of this study is to improve energy efficiency and reduce air emissions in the shipbuilding industry through the development of an energy-management framework. A systematic literature review was used to define criteria for clean and green shipyards and to develop a novel, holistic, systematic, and transdisciplinary framework for energy management. The energy-management framework is aimed at creating a decision-support mechanism for complex situations, using a multiple criteria decision-making approach. The energy-management framework was applied to case studies of a Bangladeshi and an Italian shipyard. The potential implementation of the framework in yards of different sizes, types and geographical location demonstrates that it has the potential to improve energy management and thereby energy efficiency while increasing productivity and profitability in shipyards.
Vakili et al. (Mon,) studied this question.