3D-printed sustainable biocomposites via valorization of biomass: focus on challenges and their future perspectives

Ineffective management of plastic wastes and biomass is a global concern. The annual generation of plastic waste is around 380 million tonnes, with only 9% being recycled, and the production of biomass is 140 billion metric tonnes. The worry of the environment and demand for sustainability has triggered the configuration of biocomposites as an alternative to conventional materials. 3D printing is a promising technique for the manufacturing of polymer-based composites. The review has integrated 3D printing, utilization of biopolymers, and biomass. The work critically reviewed the various aspects of biocomposites. The characteristics of biocomposites, including processing, fabrication techniques, 3D printing parameters, environmental degradation, and applications, are discussed. The allied works on biocomposites are summarized. The challenges and opportunities of biocomposites are identified. In essence, the review encapsulates the transformative potential of 3D printing with biodegradable plastics and biomass for advancements of biocomposites and accentuates its potential in fostering sustainability. The review has revealed that 3D-printed biocomposites are potent for diverse engineering applications. The biocomposites are economical and eco-friendly and reduce energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases. The biomass-based 3D-printed biocomposites have shown comparable mechanical properties to traditional materials. The review revealed that different printing parameters substantially influence the strength, flexibility, crystallinity, and dimensional accuracy of printed parts. The optimization of 3D printing parameters is crucial for the improvement of performance. Biocomposites can overcome the challenges of the linear economy by transforming the wastes into valuable resources.