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The application of error-detecting or error-correcting codes in digital computer design requires studies of cost and effectiveness trade-offs to supplement the knowledge of their theoretical properties. General criteria for cost and effectiveness studies of error codes are developed, and results are presented for arithmetic error codes with the low-cost check modulus 2 a -1. Both separate (residue) and nonseparate (AN) codes are considered. The class of multiple arithmetic error codes is developed as an extension of low-cost single codes.
A. Avižienis (Mon,) studied this question.