Breast cancer in women 40-50 and over 70 years of age: the need for screening in Brazil.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Brazil and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the female population of the country. Despite advances in treatment and the implementation of mammography screening programs, mortality rates have continued to rise. This increase is particularly evident among women under 50 years of age and those 70 years of age or older, groups that account for a substantial proportion of diagnosed cases and registered deaths in the country. Until recently, these age groups were not included in the screening guide-lines established by the Brazilian National Ministry of Health, although consistent scientific evidence demonstrates significant benefits of early detection in these populations, including reduced mortality, a higher proportion of early-stage diagnoses, and less aggressive therapeutic interventions. This article analyzes epidemiological data, the socio-economic impacts of breast cancer, and the scientific evidence regarding mammography screening, discussing the outcomes and limitations of national programs in Brazil. On the basis of that analysis, we advocate for the revision and expansion of public breast cancer screening policies to include women 40-49 and ≤ 70 years of age, as an essential strategy to reduce mortality, improve clinical outcomes, and promote greater equity in access to diagnosis and treat-ment of breast cancer in Brazil.