Comprehensive molecular profiling of the African swine fever virus in Korean wild boars between 2019 and 2024

Figures

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  Figure 1. Distribution of African swine fever (ASF) cases in wild boars in South Korea (2019–2024). (A) The geographic distribution of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boars by year. Each colored dot represents the time and location of detection: light blue for 2019, purple for 2020, green for 2021, yellow for 2022, orange for 2023, and red for 2024. (B) A heatmap showing the number of ASFV-positive wild boar cases by year and month. Darker colors indicate a higher number of positive cases.

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  Figure 2. Geographic distribution and phylogenetic classification of ASFV genotype detected in wild boars. (A) The spatial distribution of ASFV genotype detected in wild boars across South Korea between 2019 and 2024. Green dots indicate confirmed Genotype II cases. (B) The phylogenetic tree constructed using complete genome sequences of the ASFV strains. Colored bars represent genotype classifications: green for Genotype II (GII), orange for Genotype I (GI), yellow for Genotype X (GX), and blue for Genotype IX (GIX). Red asterisks indicate ASFV sequences obtained from Korean wild boars (this study).

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  Figure 3. Spatiotemporal distribution and annual proportions of ASFV intergenic region (IGR) variants detected in wild boars. (A) The nucleotide sequence alignment of the intergenic region (IGR) between I73R and I329L detected in ASFV-positive wild boars in South Korea from 2019 to 2024. The three IGR variants IGR I, IGR II, and IGR III are shown, with their characteristic tandem repeat sequences (TRS) highlighted in yellow (IGR I), blue (IGR II), and red (IGR III), respectively. (B) The geographic distribution of the IGR types among ASFV-positive wild boars in South Korea (2019–2024). Each colored dot represents a confirmed IGR subtype: yellow for IGR I, blue for IGR II, and red for IGR III. (C) Annual proportions of the IGR types detected from 2019 to 2024. Each bar represents the relative frequency of IGR subtypes in a given year: yellow for IGR I, blue for IGR II, and red for IGR III. (d) Regional proportion of the IGR types. Each bar shows the relative frequency of IGR subtypes within different provinces. Yellow represents IGR I, blue represents IGR II, and red represents IGR III.

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  Figure 4. Spatiotemporal distribution and annual proportions of wild-type (WT) and mutant-type (MT) MGF 360-1La variants. (A) The spatial distribution of WT (green) and MT (red) MGF 360-1La. (B) Annual proportion of WT and MT MGF 360-1La in the ASFV between 2019 and 2024. (C) Regional proportions of WT and MT MGF 360-1La variants across affected provinces.

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  Figure 5. Spatiotemporal distribution of ASFV subgenotypes MGF-1 and MGF-5 in wild boars in South Korea. (A and B) The geographic distribution of ASFV subgenotypes MGF-1 (A, blue) and MGF-5 (B, yellow) across South Korea between 2019 and 2024. (C) Annual proportion of MGF-1 and MGF-5 subgenotypes among total ASFV-positive wild boar cases. (D) Regional distribution of MGF-1 and MGF-5 subgenotypes in major provinces.

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  Figure 6. Spatial distribution of ASFV clusters classified by genetic markers. The map shows the spatial distribution of six genetic clusters (Clusters 1, 1.1, 1.2, 2, 3, and 4) of ASFV in wild boars, defined based on molecular markers B646L, IGR, MGF 360-1La, and MGF 505-9R/10R. Each dot represents a confirmed ASF case in wild boars and is color-coded by cluster: Cluster 1 (orange, n = 1340), Cluster 1.1 (yellow, n = 1), Cluster 1.2 (pink, n = 3), Cluster 2 (green, n = 330), Cluster 3 (blue, n = 1299), and Cluster 4 (red, n = 40).

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  Figure 7. Geographic spread patterns of ASFV molecular clusters identified in wild boars between 2019 and 2024. This map illustrates the spatial distribution and inferred transmission directions of four major ASFV molecular clusters detected in wild boars between 2019 and 2024. Clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4 are shown in orange, green, blue, and red, respectively, on the map.