Pulmonary parenchyma becomes a self‐organized dissipative structure in lung cancers and pulmonary inflammatory diseases

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Mechanical and biochemical set‐up. (a) Hill hyperbolic relationship. Maximum shortening velocity was calculated on 9 increasing afterloaded contractions from zero‐load up to isometric tension. (b) NM II‐myosin CB cycle with three detached steps (D1, D2, and D3) and three attached steps (A1, A2, and A3).

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  FIGURE 2. Comparison of immunohistochemical staining of healthy and pathological lungs. Normal lung tissue (a–c) stained with HES (a) with anti‐SMA (b) and anti‐MYH10 (c) immunostaining. Perilesional stroma of an aspergilloma (d–g), stained with HES (d) and showing a cluster of aspergillus filaments in HES (e) with anti‐SMA (f) and anti‐MYH10 (g) immunostaining. Tumor stroma of a bronchopulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (h–j) stained with HES (h) with anti‐SMA (i) and anti‐MYH10 (j) immunostaining. Magnification ×5 for all images.

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  FIGURE 3. Perilesional stroma of pulmonary tuberculosis stained with HES and with various immunohistochemical markers. Perilesional stroma (yellow star) of pulmonary tuberculosis (blue arrow pointing to the inflammatory infiltrate of tuberculosis and caseous necrosis) stained with HES (a) with anti‐MYHA (b), anti‐β‐catenin (c), anti‐SMA (d), and anti‐MYH10 (e) immunostaining. Magnification ×5 for all images.

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  FIGURE 4. Mechanical parameters of lung samples. Box plot; (a) Maximum unloading shortening velocity (Lo/s); (b) total muscle tension (mN/mm2); (c) G curvature of the hyperbolic T‐V relationship (without dimension); (d) Maximum efficiency (Effmax in percentage).

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  FIGURE 5. Ultrastructural parameters of NM crossbridges. Box plot: (a) Rate constant for CB attachment (f1 in s−1); (b) Rate constant for CB detachment (g1 in s−1); (c) NM myosin catalytic constant (kcat in s−1); (d) Rate constant for CB detachment (g2 in s−1).

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  FIGURE 6. Ultrastructural parameters of NM myosin. Box plot; (a) NM unitary CB force (pN); (b) NM‐myosin content (nano moles/g of tissue); (c) Maximum NM myosin Ca2+ ATPase activity (nano moles/g of tissue/s); (d) Time stroke (ts in s).

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  FIGURE 7. Thermodynamic parameters of lung samples. Box plot; (a) Thermodynamic flow (TFl in s−1); (b) Thermodynamic force (TFo = Eo/T, in energy unit/T; in Lo.mN/mm2/T); (c) Entropy production rate (y = EPR = TFo × TFl, in Lo. mN/mm2/T . s−1); (d) Excess entropy production (y′ = EEP = dEPR/dt, in Lo.mN/mm2/T.s−2).

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  FIGURE 8. Thermodynamics of lung samples. (a) Thermodynamic force versus thermodynamic flow relationship; (b) Entropy production rate (EPR = TFo × TFl) versus ts relationship; (c) Phase diagram: Excess entropy production (EEP = dEPR/dt) versus entropy production rate relationship; (d) Excess entropy production versus ts relationship.

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  FIGURE 9. Thermodynamic parameters. (a) Y = EPR versus ts fit; y = 2679 ts−2.66; (b) Y versus G curvature fit; y = 17698 G−3.8; (c) Phase diagram: y′ versus y fit; y′ = 674−3.2 y−1.1 E‐4 y2; (d) Bifurcation diagram (y = f(G)). The bifurcation occurred for approximately G # 3 where y drastically increased as G decreased.