A Low-SNR DOA Estimation Model Based on Sequential and Convolutional Feature Fusion

This paper proposes a novel hybrid deep learning framework for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a uniform linear array. Direction of Arrival estimation is a fundamental problem in array signal processing with critical applications in radar, sonar, wireless communications, and speech processing. Traditional methods like MUSIC and ESPRIT provide high resolution but suffer from high computational complexity and poor performance in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. Recent advances in deep learning have shown promise in improving DOA estimation accuracy and robustness. The framework synergistically combines a ResNet-based feature extractor with a Mamba state-space model through a feature fusion mechanism. The ResNet branch extracts high-level spatial features from the covariance matrix, while the Mamba branch captures long-range dependencies and sequential patterns. These complementary features are fused and then passed to an MLP for DOA regression. Extensive experiments on simulated datasets demonstrate that, at low SNRs, our fusion model significantly outperforms traditional methods such as MUSIC and ESPRIT, as well as other baseline models, in terms of both estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Quantitatively, at SNR = −5 dB, the proposed method reduces the RMSE by 41.6% compared to MUSIC.