The aim is to develop low-cost carbon materials from cattle manure for use in lithium-sulfur batteries.
Cattle manure was carbonized at 1000 °C to create carbon hosts.
Conductivity, porosity, and N/O polar site balance was evaluated.
The carbonized materials showed optimal conductivity and porosity for battery applications.
The presence of nitrogen/oxygen polar sites enhances the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries.
Abstract
Cattle manure is converted into low-cost carbon hosts for Li–S batteries. Carbonization at 1000 °C balances conductivity, porosity, and N/O polar sites, revealing a route for waste valorization.