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May 15, 2026Veterinary SciencesOpen Access

β-Casein Polymorphism as a Potential Evolutionary Trade-Off: The Rise of A1 Under Intensive Selection and Its Implications for Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Agroecological Resilience

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Authors

ATAndrás József TóthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineSKSzilvia KuszaUniversity of DebrecenGSGergő SudárTechnology Holding (United States)

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Implication

Narrative review highlights A1/A2 β-casein impacts on gastrointestinal tolerance and dairy resilience.

Key Points

  • This review examines the impact of β-casein A1/A2 polymorphism under intensive dairy selection and its implications for human health and agroecological systems.
  • Conducted population-genetic surveys of CSN2 across various cattle populations.
  • Reviewed controlled human studies separating A1-containing and A2-only dairy exposure.
  • Analyzed dairy processing literature regarding genotype effects on product behavior.
  • A1 was present in approximately one-third of intensively selected Holstein-Friesian populations, contrasting with A2-enriched indigenous breeds.
  • Short-term gastrointestinal tolerance improved with A2-only milk in susceptible individuals, though long-term health claims remain unsupported.
  • β-casein genotype modestly influenced dairy processing outcomes, emphasizing the need for traceability in A2 labeling.

Cite This Study

Tóth et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a06b95be7dec685947abf53https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050473
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