Plant‐based restoration practices in South American agroecosystems: progress, challenges, and research gaps

Introduction The expansion of agroecosystems at the expense of native ecosystems is a major driver of environmental change, increasing food production while eroding biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). In South America, where nearly one third of land is under productive use, reconciling production with ecological restoration is a central challenge. Objectives We reviewed plant‐based restoration practices in South American agroecosystems to assess (1) which types of agroecosystems are most frequently associated with restoration practices, (2) which restoration practices are most commonly implemented, and (3) which indicators are used to assess restoration outcomes. Methods We conducted a systematic review of 168 studies, extracting information on agroecosystem types, restoration practices, and indicators for restoration outcomes. Results Restoration studies were geographically concentrated in Brazil, and secondly in Colombia, Argentina, and Ecuador, focused mainly on pastures and croplands. Assisted recovery based on tree planting with native woody species was the most frequently reported practice. Most studies assessed different types of outcome indicators; plants were the most commonly evaluated biodiversity group, and soil quality regulation was the most frequently measured ES. Conclusions Restoration practices in South American agroecosystems follow a continuum of interventions shaped by ecological constraints and production demands. Our synthesis highlights geographic, taxonomic, and indicator‐related gaps, and underscores the need for integrated monitoring frameworks to support restoration planning and implementation in productive landscapes.