Intimate partner violence during the COVID-19: prevalence, patterns, and association with health-related quality of life in Quebec, Canada, using the NZCVS2 instrument

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted social and public health systems worldwide, with emerging evidence indicating a surge in intimate partner violence (IPV) and a decline in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In Canada, the link between pandemic-related stressors, IPV, and HRQoL remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, frequency, and directionality of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec, Canada, and to evaluate its impact on HRQoL and mental health. A population-based survey was conducted online and IPV was assessed using a revised New Zealand Crime and Victims Survey (NZCVS2) instrument, capturing psychological, physical, and sexual violence. The prevalence and frequency of IPV peaked during the initial lockdown period (January-June 2020), with physical and sexual violence prevalence reaching 11% and 5%, respectively, while psychological violence approached 23%. Psychological and physical violence constituted nearly three quarters of these acts. IPV was frequently bidirectional, particularly for psychological violence. Men reported higher rates of psychological and physical victimization, while sexual victimization was predominantly reported by women. Individuals experiencing IPV reported significantly lower HRQoL scores, and higher psychological distress compared to those not exposed to IPV. Younger age, urban residence, and lower household income were identified as significant risk factors for both perpetrating and sustaining IPV. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a substantial increase in IPV and a concomitant decline in HRQoL in Quebec. These findings underscore the necessity for integrated public health strategies that address violence prevention, mental health support, and social inequalities, particularly during periods of societal crisis.