Seepage Control, Detection, and Treatment in Embankment Dams: A State-of-the-Art Review

Abstract This study reviews and evaluates the seepage control, detection, and treatment methods of embankment dams. The progress of knowledge in this field during the last two decades is presented. The optimum designs of various seepage control measures (drains, cores, and seepage control barriers) are discussed based on the advances in research. Moreover, the technologies and best practices used to detect and treat unwanted seepage are discussed. Reviewing the previous literature showed many advancements in the designs and materials of seepage control elements. On the other side, all seepage control elements are vulnerable to defects. Hence, the combined usage of drains with cores and seepage control barriers inside the dam or its foundation is the optimum practice. This provides a multiple defense strategy against seepage and ensures having a backup plan in case of core cracking, seepage barrier defects, or drain clogging. Seepage detection methods have also greatly progressed, from geotechnical methods to dye and temperature tracing and geoelectric methods. Yet, all methods have their advantages and limitations, which makes combining different methods more favorable to accurately monitor seepage and capture all defects. Finally, continuous monitoring, early detection, accurate diagnosis, and prompt efficient treatment are essential for the safety of embankment dams, as noticed from the presented case studies. This study presents useful insights that help the designers of embankment dams adopt the best seepage control, detection, and treatment practices. Some research gaps that should be addressed in future studies are also highlighted.